AD (1st century)
(classical period)
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Roman Empire
Julio-Claudians: expansion: Britain, Maurentania
(Africa), Judaea, Thrace
Nero: fire A.D. 64: 1st persecution of
Christians (Peter and Paul)
killed A.D. 68
69: Year of 4 emperors (“secret of empire” emperor made
outside Rome by army)
69-96 Flavian Dynasty
69-79 Vespasian
(equestrian; emperor by army)
(destruction of Temple at Jerusalem)
79-81 Titus (eruption of Mt.
Vesuvius)
81-96 Domitian (93-96:
“Reign of Terror”)
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(2nd century)
(classical period)
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96-192 Antonines “Good Emperors”
96-98 Nerva: senator;
adoptive succession
98-117 Trajan (from Spain;
greatest expansion;
literature and public works)
117-138 Hadrian:
consolidation (Hadrian’s Wall in Britain)
138-161 Antoninus Pius
(Antonine Wall: Britain)
146- c. 170 work of Ptolemy (Alexandrian astronomer and geographer)
c. 160 Gaius Institutiones (legal textbook)
161-180 Marcus Aurelius
(philosopher; wars)
165-190 "Antonine plague" (8% of population of Europe)
129 - ?199/216 Galen
(physician)
180-192 Commodus (son! of
Marcus Aurelius)
End 2nd century: N Britain, Babylonia, etc. abandoned
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(3rd century)
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193-235 Severan dynasty
193-211 Septimus Severus
212-217 Caracalla (citizenship to all
freee inhabitants of the empire)
218-222 Elagabalus
222-234 Severus Alexander
235-284: "Crisis of the 3rd century"
[Revolt of family of Fars establishes Sassanian
dynasty in Persia]
military anarchy
Gaul overrun by Franks and Alamanni; Franks to
Spain
Goths invade Greece, take Byzantium
271-275 Aurelian Walls built around Rome
Saxon pirates in Britain
Parthians to Syria
c. 260: senatorial aristocracy excluded from military commands
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4th century
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Tetrarchy (Later Empire)
284-306 Diocletian (son of freedman from east)
301: taxation in Italy for 1st time
persecution of Christians
division of empire East and West, 4
sections (tetrachies)
succession system: Augustus-Caesar
306-337 Constantine
capital moved to Constantinople; oriental style court;
increase in size and cost of army and administration
312: battle of Milvian Bridge
conversion to Christianity 313:
"Edict of Milan"
325: sole Emperor East and West
Council of Nicaea (Nicene Creed)
Irish monasticism: 350’s eastern monasticism
Post 350: Reparatio Saeculi: “Age of Restoration”
361-363 Julian (the Apostate); died as a result of a wound fighting during
his Persian campaign
379-395 Theodosius I
suppression of paganism
Aelius Donatus, most famous grammarian, teacher of Jerome
author of Ars Minor
and Ars Maior
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5th century |
Vulgate Bible (completed c. 405) by Jerome
Barbarian
Invasions
Angles, Saxons, and Jutes raid and settle in English
(Germanic basis of English; Celts withdraw to Wales and Cornwall)
St. Patrick (died c. 460)
410 Sack of Rome by Alaric (and Visigoths); Britain
abandoned
Barbarian kingdoms established in Gaul and Spain
Vandals established in Africa
438 publication of Theodosian Code (law; under Theodosius II and Valentinian
III)
451 Attila invades Italy, defeated
455 Vandals sack Rome
476 Romulus Augustulus: last "Roman" emperor
"End of Western Roman Empire"
Byzantine Empire
continues in east
Dominance of Ostrogoths in West (Odoacer: king 476-491;
had served under Romans)
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6th century |
527-65 Justinian emperor in East (Theodora, co-empress):
Legal texts:
Codex, Digest, Institutes
Plague (541-544)
(about one quarter of population of Europe)
c. 532 Dionysius, mathematician, astronomer, and theological scholar in trying
to establish rules for calculating Easter, creates Christian calendar and starts
practice of dating A.D. (anno Domino)
536 Year without summer (climate change)
590's Pope Gregory (missionary activity)
Missionaries from Ireland and Rome to England
[Transfer of center of learning to the Isles]
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7th century |
c. 602-636 Isidore, bishop of Seville (Spain).
Encyclopedia Etymologiae or Origines |
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8th century |
["Dark Ages" of Europe] |
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9th century |
800-814 Charlemagne (Carolus Magnus) "Holy Roman Empire"
Carolingian Renaissance
Recognition of
difference between Latin and proto-Romance languages
recruitment of scholars from British Isles back to continent
(Alcuin, etc.)
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10th century |
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11th century |
"High Middle
Ages" (c. 1050-c. 1300)
agrarian > urbanized
Commercial revival
"Age of Faith": height of papal power; cathedrals built;
new orders: Cistercians, Dominicans, Franciscans
first universities
Crusades and expansion of territory:
most of (Muslim) Spain reconquered
new principalities (eastern Mediterranean)
northeast: Baltic coast
southern Italy and Sicily (Byzantine and Islamic)
1001 Bologna Law School founded
1054 Great Schism of Latin and Greek Churches
1066 Battle of Hastings-William the Conqueror
of
Normandy defeats King Harold (Saxons)
Norman French rule of England for next
200 years
1095-1099 First Crusade-regains Holy Land (from Islam)
1098 Cistercian monastic order founded
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12th century |
Late 12th-13th
centuries: Scholastic Age
Translations from Greek and Arabic into Latin
influence of Aristotle
(13th century) triumph of philosophy
education reforms: law, medicine, theology, philosophy;
decline in literatrue
universities replace episcopal schools
assimilation of new material
(beginning of 13th century): Gothic script; manuscript illumination (more
important than text itself)
1167 Nucleus of University of Oxford
1187 Jerusalem lost
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13th century |
c. 1200 University of Paris founded
1202 Leonardo Pisano (Fibonacci)
Liber Abaci
1209 Franciscan Order founded
Cambridge University founded
1215
Magna Carta
Dominican Order founded
1229 Genghis Khan takes Peking
1230
First gunpowder used in China
1244 Jerusalem taken by Muslims
1250 Inca culture in Cuzco area
1265/6-73 Aquinas [1224-1274]
Summa Theologiae
1275-92 Marco Polo in China
1276 Paper manufactured in Italy
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14th century |
Renaissance (13th in Italy) 14th-16th Century
Humanism
printing press
commercial book trade (breaks ecclesiastical monopoly)
private libraries
”all” (printed) knowledge available to scholars
Latin: remains common language of scholarship; rise of vernacular literature;
translations from Latin into vernacular
1304-74 Petrarch
1309-77 Avignonese Papacy (Babylonian captivity)
[decline in authority of Catholic
church;
access of members of papal court to libraries of France;
easier contact with north and its legacy]
1315 Famine
1320 Dante Divine Comedy
poetry and philosophy do not
conflict
Return of papacy to poverty of Peter and restoration of worldy dominion to
monarchs
1328-1384 John Wycliffe (first English translation of
the Bible)
1337-1453 Anglo-French Hundred Year’s War
1346-50 Black Death Plague
(reaches Europe)
1364-65 Universities of Cracow and Vienna founded
1378-1417 Great Papal Schism (Rome and Avignon)
1380-1459 Poggio Bracciolini (search for classical
manuscripts;
Humanistic script)
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15th century |
1449-1515 Aldus Manutius: Aldine Press (Venice): printed editions of Greek
texts
Lorenzo Valla; Angelo Politian (Poliziano)
1453 Fall of Constantinople and Eastern Roman Empire to
the Turks
1456 Vulgate Bible printed (by Gutenberg) in Mainz
1466/69-1536 Erasmus of Rotterdam, Dutch humanist
1468-1540 Guillaume Budé (French classical scholar)
1470's editions of Latin texts
1481- Spanish Inquisition
1483-1546 Martin Luther, German religious reformer
1492 Columbus sails to new world
1491-1540 St. Ignatius of Loyola, Spanish founder of Society of Jesus
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16th century |
16th-17th Century: "Scientific Revolution"
Rise of physician
Reformation
Classical scholarship in the Netherlands
17th century: textual criticism (Richard Bentley)
origins of paleography (study of old manuscripts)
1503 Leonardo da Vinci-Mona Lisa
1508-12 Michelangelo-Sistine Chapel
1516 (-1535) Erasmus edition of Greek-Latin New
Testament with Annotationes
1517 Luther-95 Theses
1530-1596 Jean Bodin, French political philosopher
1534 Jesuit Order founded (Ignatius of Loyala)
1543 Copernicus
(De Revolutionibus)
Baroque Period
of art: late 16th-17th century
1561-1626 Sir Francis Bacon, English philosopher
1564-1616 William Shakespeare, English dramatic poet
1564-1642 Galileo Galilei, Italian astronomer
1569 Mercator's map of the world
1571-1630 Johannes Kepler, German astronomer
1578-1657 William Harvey, English physician
1582
Gregorian Calendar (Pope Gregory) revised that only centuries that are divisible
by 400 are a leap year.
1588-1679 Thomas Hobbes, English political philosopher
1596-1650
Rene Descartes, French philosopher
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17th Century |
Baroque Period
of music: 17th - early 18th century
1606-1669 Rembrandt van Rijn, Dutch painter
1628
De Motu Cordis (circulation of blood) by
Harvey
1632-1723 Antony van Leeuwenhock, Dutch natural historian (microscope)
1633
Andrew White
Relatio Itineris in Marilandiam
1637
Discours de la methode by Descartes (Latin trans.
1644)
1641-42
Meditationes de Prima Philosophia
(1st- 2nd
ed.) by Descartes
1642-1727 Isaac Newton, English physicist
1644
Principia Philosophia by Descartes
1646-1716 Gottfired van Leibniz, German mathematician and philosopher
1664-65 Great Plague in
England
1672
Isaac Newton formulates law of gravitation
1682 Louis XIV moves court and goverment to Versailles
1687
Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica by
Newton
1685-1750 J. S. Bach
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18th Century |
1707-1778 Carolus Linnaeus, Swedish botanist
1704
Opticks, on light by Newton
1705 Edmund Halley predicts the return of "his" comet
1727 plant physiology founded by Hales
1735
Systema Naturae (1st ed.) by Linnaeus |
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